Islamic Jurisprudence on Digital Sale Contracts: Validity, Gharar, and Consumer Protection in Indonesian Marketplace Platforms

Catur Bayu Aji; Dheiya Ulhaq  Azzahra

doi:10.65980/almuhkam.v2i1.65

Authors

Catur Bayu Aji Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said Surakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7626-1449
Dheiya Ulhaq Azzahra Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said Surakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1384-4523

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65980/almuhkam.v2i1.65

Keywords:

Digital sale contract, Consumer protection, Marketplace platform, Gharar

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital commerce in Indonesia has created critical jurisprudential gaps: although DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 146/DSN-MUI/XII/2021 formally recognizes online transactions, substantive questions regarding the operationalization of taradi (mutual consent), the classification of digital gharar (contractual uncertainty arising from incomplete information, misrepresentation, or procedural opacity), and effective Muslim consumer protection mechanisms remain inadequately resolved in the existing fiqh literature. This study has two objectives: first, to examine the validity of digital sale contracts (ijab-qabul, majlis al-’aqd, and bay’ al-ma’dum in pre-order and dropshipping schemes) within the framework of Islamic commercial jurisprudence (fiqh al-mu’amalah al-mu’ashirah); and second, to analyze the typology of digital gharar (informational, visual, and procedural) and formulate a digital khiyar protection model as a consumer-protection mechanism on Indonesian marketplace platforms. The study employs a normative-juridical approach combining analysis of classical fiqh texts, contemporary fatwas, and recent academic studies on digital Islamic commerce. The findings yield two original theoretical contributions: (1) reconceptualization of majlis al-?aqd as a continuous, verified virtual transactional space (al-majlis al-iftiradi); and (2) a tripartite typology of digital gharar informational, visual, and procedural integrated with a structured digital khiyar protection model that extends classical doctrine to forms of commercial uncertainty native to digital ecosystems. The study concludes that online sales are conditionally permissible (al-ibahah al-muqayyadah), subject to fulfillment of transparency, deliverability, and absence of manipulative elements, while gharar kathir, tadlis, and riba remain prohibited.

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